| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Bharati Braille ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Bharati Braille
Bharati braille , or Bharatiya Braille (Hindi: ' "Indian braille"), is a largely unified braille script for writing the languages of India. When India gained independence, eleven braille scripts were in use, in different parts of the country and for different languages. By 1951 a single national standard had been settled on, Bharati braille, which has since been adopted by Sri Lanka,〔With a few inconsistencies in non-native sounds in Sinhala〕 Nepal, and Bangladesh. There are slight differences in the orthographies for Nepali in India and Nepal, and for Tamil in India and Sri Lanka. There are significant differences in Bengali Braille between India and Bangladesh, with several letters differing. Pakistan has not adopted Bharati braille, so the Urdu Braille of Pakistan is an entirely different alphabet than the Urdu Braille of India, with their commonalities largely due to their common inheritance from English or International Braille. Sinhalese Braille largely conforms to other Bharati, but differs significantly toward the end of the alphabet, and is covered in its own article.
Bharati braille alphabets use a 6-dot cell with values based largely on English Braille. Letters are assigned as consistently as possible across the various regional scripts of India as they are transliterated in the Latin script, so that, for example, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, and English are rendered largely the same in braille.
==System==
Although basically alphabetic, Bharati braille retains one aspect of Indian abugidas, in that the default vowel ''a'' is not written unless it occurs at the beginning of a syllable or before a vowel. This has been called a "linearized alphasyllabary ()".〔Richard Sproat, ''Language, Technology, and Society''〕 For example, and taking Devanagari as a representative printed script, the braille letter (the consonant ''K'') renders print क ''ka'', and braille (''TH'') renders print थ ''tha''. To indicate that a consonant occurs without a following vowel (as when followed by another consonant, or at the end of a syllable), a ''virama'' (vowel-canceling) prefix is used: (''virama-K'') is क ''k'', and (''virama-TH'') is थ ''th''. However, unlike in print, there are no vowel diacritics in Bharati braille; vowels are written as full letters following the consonant, regardless of their order in print. For example, in print the vowel ''i'' is prefixed to a consonant in a reduced diacritic form, कि ''ki'', but in braille it follows the consonant in its full form: (''K-I''), equivalent to writing for ''ki'' in print. Thus print क्लिक ''klika'' is written in braille as (''virama-K-L-I-K''). The one time a non-initial short ''a'' is written in braille is when it is followed by another vowel. In this environment the ''a'' must be written, because otherwise the subsequent vowel will be read as following the consonant immediately. Thus print ''kai'' is rendered in braille as (''K–A–I''), to disambiguate it from for कि ''ki''.
Apart from ''(unicode:kṣ)'' and ''(unicode:jñ)'', Bharati braille does not handle conjuncts. Consonant clusters written as conjuncts in print are handled with the virama in braille, just as they are with computer fonts that lack the conjuncts. Bharati braille is thus equivalent to Grade-1 English braille, though there are plans to extend all the Bharati alphabets to include conjuncts.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Bharati Braille」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|